Biology 2201 Vertebrates Name: _________________________
Phylum Chordata includes all
creatures that have a spinal cord, gill slits (sometime during their lives) and
an internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage. Within this phylum is a group
of creatures known as the vertebrates. A vertebrate has the added feature of a
spine or backbone that is divided into separate pieces called vertebrae.
- There
are key anatomical features that distinguish each Class of vertebrates. They are described below.
Endoskeleton and Appendages
– all vertebrates have an internal skeleton (endoskeleton)
·
Agnatha have a cartilage
skeleton and no fins and no jaws
·
Chondricthyes have a cartilage
skeleton with fins and have jaws
·
Bony Fish have a bone
skeleton and fins and have jaws
·
Amphibians bone skeleton
and paired appendages called limbs adapted to walking and swimming
·
Reptiles bone with have
front and back limbs that are better adapted to walking on land than swimming
because they are directed more downward to lift the animal off the ground
·
Birds Bone skeleton
BUT the bones are hollow making them lighter, this is a flight adaptation. Have front and back BUT the forelimbs are
modified into wings that aid in flight. Birds stand on their hind limbs
only, this is a condition known as bipedal.
·
Mammals - bony skeleton
and have front and back that are modified to the many functions
·
All Fish Classes breath with the
use of gills
·
Amphibians breath with the
use of moist skin, and/ or simple lungs (sacs) or (gills)
·
Reptiles breath with well
developed lungs
·
Birds Breath with
well-developed lungs that have associated AIR SACS. These air sacs allow
oxygen rich air to be in the lungs when the bird is both inhaling and exhaling.
We can’t !!!
·
Mammals very well
developed lungs and have a muscular diaphragm that assists in breathing
(Note- ventricles are hollow muscular spaces
in the heart that squeeze blood out to the body parts)
·
All Fish classes have a 2
chambered heart (1 atria and 1 ventricle)
·
Amphibians have a 3
chambered heart (2 atria and 1 ventricle)
·
Reptiles have a 4 chamber incomplete
heart (2 atria and almost 2 ventricles)
·
Birds and Mammals have a 4 chamber
complete heart (2 atria and 2 ventricles)
Ø
An incomplete
heart, has a partial wall between the two
ventricles so blood mixes between them.
Ø
In a two-chambered heart of a fish and four-chambered
heart of a bird or a mammal low oxygen blood from the body does not mix with high oxygen rich blood
from the lungs.
Ø
In amphibians
and most reptiles, high oxygen blood meets
low oxygen blood before it goes to the rest of the body and loses some of the
oxygen it has so it is not as good as it could be when going to body cells.
·All fish Classes as well as Amphibians and Reptiles are ectothermic
or cold blooded
·
Birds and Mammals are endothermic
or warm blooded.
Note:
Temperature Regulation in living creatures is determined by the interaction of
; I) the amount of insulation II) the amount of heat released by cell
activities and reflex and voluntary behaviours (ex. Shivering)
·
Agnatha and the
Bony Fish have external fertilization and external development, need water
·
Chondrichthyes some may show
internal fertilization and development, need water
·
Amphibians External
fertilization and Development, need water
·
Reptiles have internal
fertilization and external development in leathery eggs, don’t need water
·
Birds have internal
fertilization and external development in shelled eggs, don’t need water
·
Mammals have internal fertilization
and exhibit differing methods of development up to birth
-
Monotrenes show internal fertilization and external
development in eggs (platypus)
-
Marsupials have internal fertilization and some internal
development followed by external development in a pouch on the
mother after birth (kangaroo)
-
Placental Mammals show internal fertilization and internal development
up to birth
Note: Many types of
vertebrates show varying degrees of parental care after birth but only mammals
have body parts (mammary glands) specifically for care of babies
1. What are the three features that define Phylum Chordata?
|
|
2. Complete the following table.
|
|
Agnatha |
Chondrichthyes |
Bony Fish |
Amphibians |
Reptiles |
Birds |
Mammals |
|
Jaws?
(Y or N) |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
|
Lungs or Gills? |
Gills |
Gills |
Gills |
Some have Gills Some have lungs |
|
|
|
|
Skeleton Material(S) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Limb
type? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shelled Egg? (Y or N) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Need Water to Reproduce? (Y or N) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Have Feathers? (Y or N) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mammary Glands and Hair? (Y or N) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# of Heart Chambers? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Can Regulate Body Temp? |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. What do vertebrates have that makes them
special Chordates?
|
|
|
|
4. What one feature distinguishes Vertebrate animals and Invertebrate animals from each other?
|
|
5. a) Describe the heat output from metabolism for a creature that is ectothermic compared to one that is
endothermic?
|
|
|
|
|
|
b) Who are the ectothermic classes? ____________________________________________________________
c) Who are the endothermic classes? ____________________________________________________________
d) ectothermic means: ____________________________ endothermic means __________________________
6. What is different about the eggs of birds, reptiles and monotremes compared to other animal eggs?
|
|
7. How are Bony Fish, Chondrichthyes and Agnatha all different? How are they all the same?
|
|
Bony
Fish |
Chondrichthyes
|
Agnatha
|
|
All Have |
|
|
|
|
Differences |
|
|
|
8. What can birds do that no other vertebrate
can do that gives them a very efficient respiratory system ?
|
|
|
|
9. How is the body of a bird
adapted to help them fly? (three ways)
|
|
|
|
10. What physical feature does a mammal have which indicates that they provide a lot of care to their young?
________________________________
11. Why is the design of the heart of birds and mammals more efficient
than the heart of other vertebrates?
|
|
|
|
|
|
12. Name the three different types of mammals in terms of their method of development during reproduction?
|
|
|
|
|
|
13. Animals live in the water, in the air and on land. What are the
features that each of the following has that are
adaptations for where they
live?
a) creatures that must
live in water ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
b)
creatures
that live in water and on land _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
c)
creatures
that must live on land ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
d)
creatures
that live on land and in the air _________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
14. What are two benefits of having a shelled egg compared to not having a shell for an animal that reproduces
on land?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
15. Relate the body covering of various vertebrates to their habitat?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
16. What is the difference between internal fertilization and external fertilization?
________________________________________________________________________________________
17. Why do animals have such a variety of means of locomotion while plants do not and yet there are lots of
types of plants?
________________________________________________________________________________________
18. Describe the lifecycle of a frog and the role of metamorphosis? (page 193 in text)